Dr B. R. Ambedkar made ambedkar on labour rights a central theme of his reform agenda. This article outlines his legal work, policy reforms, and social movement influence that transformed labour rights in India.
Early Insights and Social Context
Ambedkar’s exposure to caste-based job discrimination shaped his views on labour rights. While living in working-class quarters in Bombay, he saw how caste and occupation were closely tied. In his writings, he explained that caste was not a division of labour, but a division of labourers. This led to the formation of the Independent Labour Party in 1936, which demanded fair wages, paid leave, maternity benefits, and equal rights for all workers.
Legislative Reforms as Labour Member
As Labour Member in the Viceroy’s Executive Council from 1942 to 1946, Ambedkar introduced major reforms that redefined workplace standards and social protections.
Eight‑Hour Workday & Factory Safety
In 1942, he advocated for the eight-hour workday at the Indian Labour Conference. He also updated the Factories Act to require basic facilities and safety for workers, especially women and children.
Social Insurance & Provident Funds
He brought forward key measures like the Coal and Mica Mines Provident Fund, the Mines Maternity Benefit Act, and improved workers’ compensation provisions.
Union Recognition and Tripartite Governance
The Indian Trade Unions (Amendment) Bill, 1943, made union recognition mandatory. He also created tripartite discussions between the state, employers, and labour to determine wages and welfare schemes.
Constitutional Embedment of Labour Rights
As chief drafter of the Indian Constitution, Ambedkar ensured labour rights were included in both fundamental and directive principles:
- Concurrent List: Labour issues fall under both central and state jurisdiction.
- Directive Principles: Articles 39, 41, 42, and 43 call for fair wages, working hours, maternity relief, and welfare provisions.
- Fundamental Rights: Articles 19(1)(c), 23, and 24 address union formation, forced labour, and child labour, respectively.
Impact & Legacy of Ambedkar’s Labour Reforms
Ambedkar’s contribution resulted in long-lasting changes in Indian labour law:
- Established labour inspection systems and employment exchanges.
- Improved maternity benefits and protections for women miners.
- Set up frameworks for pensions, health insurance, and social security.
- Built bridges between caste-based and class-based labour struggles.
Continuing Relevance in Today’s Era
Even today, many reforms in India’s labour policies reflect Ambedkar’s ideas. The 2020 Labour Code aims to simplify laws while protecting worker rights, echoing the structure he once proposed.
Conclusion: Ambedkar on Labour Rights Today
Ambedkar on labour rights reflected his broader commitment to equality and justice. His reforms laid the legal and moral foundation for labour dignity in India. Moving forward, his model of legal reform, collective bargaining, and state accountability remains essential.